The Role Of Organizational And Contextual Constraints On...

1.1 Introduction Managing public sector organisations is not an easy task. It comprises organisational arrangements, beliefs and values, individual views along with community benefits, political choices, and organisational aims and objectives that are occasionally at odds with those of stakeholders. However, this research project is going to explore viable solutions to make an effective strategic change in the public sector organisations of Dubai. In this regard, the study is going to assess the research area through conducting a research based interview data collection method. Through this method, the research will try to explore the influence of organisational and contextual constraints on the strategic change management and planning process and find out the major factors elements of the planning perspective. 1.2 Research Method 1.2.1 Qualitative Research Approach Qualitative research approach will be used in this study. The Strategic Management Journal supports using empirical methods based on qualitative research that explore important research questions and phenomena so as to generate new insights into the topic area. It has been found that qualitative research frequently provides a means of addressing generalizable patterns regarding important questions in the field of strategic change management. Qualitative research is a situated of investigative methods whose utilization is far reaching. It gives a review of the conduct and individuals’ recognitions andShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Project Management For Construction1129 Words   |  5 PagesConstruction Management is not a new idea. The function of the Construction Manager is to work on behalf of the owner to complete a project within the plans and specifications provided. In the last few years construction practices have changed dramatically. Technology, materials, government bureaucracy, financing, design, and engineering have all advanced. 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Article Summary Why Did the Bank of Canada Emerge in 1935 Free Essays

Wednesday, October 5, 2011 HIST 113: Article Summary: Why did the Bank of Canada Emerge in 1935? The article, Why did the Bank of Canada Emerge in 1935, written by Micheal Bordo and Angela Redish, discusses the creation of the Bank of Canada in 1935. In a time where other westernized countries had already existing central banking systems, this article questions why the Bank of Canada emerged in 1935, and the authors question why it even emerged at all. The article looks at three major reasons for the creation of the Bank of Canada. We will write a custom essay sample on Article Summary: Why Did the Bank of Canada Emerge in 1935? or any similar topic only for you Order Now It emerged because it was just another process in the evolution of the banking system; it was a substitute for the Gold Standard, and that political pressures/influences that surrounded it. The authors attempt to disprove the first two reasons, contrary to what many economists have claimed as reasons for the creation of a central bank in Canada, and offer evidence to support the claim that the Bank of Canada emerged due to political pressures. ?First, economists have assumed that the Bank of Canada came about in 1935 due the evolutionary process of the banking system. In many countries, a central bank is considered a â€Å"lender of last resort† to provide aid to citizens in times of liquidity crises and financial difficulty, enhancing a sense of control and balances of risks. The authors ague that this is not an acceptable argument, since the Bank of Canada rather came about as a favor to government. During the 1900’s, Canada had various banking institutions, with the Bank of Montreal being one in particular. It was able to fulfill some of the duties that a central bank would normally do. In addition, the concept of nationwide banking minimized the impact that liquidity and uncertainty had on consumer confidence and risks of crises. As a result, the emergence of the Bank of Canada was not influenced by its natural process of evolution, since institutions and services existed that fulfilled some of the responsibilities that a central bank would have. ? The second reason attributed to the emergence of the Bank of Canada was that it served as an important service to maintain convertibility to the gold standard. With the removal of the gold standard in Canada, the Bank of Canada would serve as an anchor to the money supply, the price level, and the exchange rate in its absence. With this in mind, a central bank with the ability to control money supply would yield differences in the way prices behaved without a central bank; therefore, data would reveal fluctuations in regression residuals for the time period near 1935, when the Bank of Canada emerged. However, empirical time-series data, looking back from 1920 to 1940, shows that macroeconomic variables were affected very little. In fact, any time eras where there are fluctuations in the data can be attributed to other events and circumstances. The third reason attributing for the emergence of the Bank of Canada was due to political forces that acted upon it. Due to the effect of the Great Depression, trust in the traditional market was decreased on domestic level. Citizens had less faith in traditional market system mechanisms and this left a requirement for the government to provide institutions and services. Pressures from the influence of the global community pushed for the emergence of a central bank because international monetary cooperation was said to be dependent on the existence of Central Banks. In addition, due to Canada’s recent independence from Britain in 1931, the emergence of the bank was a part of a general program to create more sovereign institutions to help Canada create its own identity. A banking system, where decisions regarding money supply were made independently by Canada, was something that emphasized sovereignty. How to cite Article Summary: Why Did the Bank of Canada Emerge in 1935?, Essay examples

Price Elasticity of Demand for IPhone-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Explain intuitively why Apples revenue has increased after the average sale price increase, even though the quantity sold fell. 2.Given that the average sale price of an iPhone increased from $694 in Q1 2017 to $796 in Q1 2018 (Gartenberg, 2018), calculate the price elasticity of demand for Apple iPhones. 3.Draw a representative demand curve for Apple iPhones, which is consistent with your answer to part ii above. Label each relevant point on your diagram and give it a heading. Explain your diagram fully, including discussion (linked to the points indicated in your diagram) about price, quantity and revenue, and how the diagram illustrates/fits in with your answer to part i. Note, only one demand curve is required treat iPhones as one good, rather than looking separately at iPhone X and iPhone 8, using the average sale price. 4.Now assume that Samsung brings out a competing model to the iPhone X. Redraw your diagram from part iii, and work further on it to Illustrate this scenario. Assume that the supply curve for iPhones is a standard, upward sloping curve and clearly indicate any changes to demand, supply, quantity demanded and/or quantity supplied. Answers: 1.Apple has charged higher price for iPhone X compare to iPhone 8, while the quantity sold for the initial product has decreased. This can be explained with the help of economic concept. Total revenue can be obtained by multiplying total quantity sold in the market with per unit price of the one. By comparing total revue obtained from iPhone 8 and iPhone X, it can be stated that change in price is comparatively high compare to change in quantity demanded (Tian et al. 2017). Hence, increase in price for unit phone has helped the company to increase its total revenue. This can be explained as follows: Total revenue (TRX) = total quantity of iPhone X (QX) * per unit price of iPhone X (PX) Total revenue (TR8) = total quantity of iPhone X (Q8) * per unit price of iPhone (P8) Here, QX Q8 while P8 PX. 2.Price elasticity related to demand measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded for a particular product when its price changes (Coglianese, Davis, Kilian and Stock 2017). The average sale price of iPhone has increased from $ 694 to $ 796 while the quantity has decreased from 78.29 million to 77.32 million. Hence, initial price = $ 694 and change in price = $ (796-694) = $ 102. On the other side, initial quantity demanded is 78.29 million and change in quantity demanded is (77.32- 78.29) million = - 0.97 million. Thus, Price elasticity of Apple iPhone is: (Ep) = - (0.97/78.29) * 100 / (102/694) * 100 Ep = - 0.08 Hence, the absolute value of price elasticity of demand for iPhone X is 0.08. 3. Figure 1: Demand curve for Apple iPhone Source: (created by author) In figure 1, the demand curve for Apple iPhone is drawn. As the absolute value of price elasticity of Apple iPhone is 0.8, this implies inelastic demand where the product has steeper demand curve with negative slop. This in turn has implied that change in price is high comparing to the change in quantity demanded (Halcoussis, Lowenberg and Roof 2017). This implication has also drawn on the above figure, where difference between two prices are more compare to the difference between the two amount of quantity demanded. Here, the rectangular area of P0BQ0O has represented the initial amount of revenue of the Apple company while area of P1AQ1O has represented the amount of revenue when price has increased and demand for iPhone has decreased accordingly. By comparing the value of these two areas it can be stated that the value of P1AQ1O is greater compare to the area of P0BQ0O, which in turn has helped the company to earn more revenue though the increment of price. 4. Figure 2: Sift of demand curve of Apple iPhone Source: (created by author) Samsung has brought a product in market to compete with iPhone of Apple and consequently can be acted as the substitute product of Apple. Hence, an increase in price of Apple can decrease its demand, which in turn can increase the demand for Samsung in market. This is shown in figure 2 (Kaiser, U., Mendez, S.J., Rnde and Ullrich 2014). As Samsung has launched its product, the demand for Apples iPhone has decreased from Q0 to Q1 while the market price of this product has also decreased from P0 to P1, while the supply of iPhone has remained at a stable position. Consequently, the revenue of Apple can be decreased further. References: Coglianese, J., Davis, L.W., Kilian, L. and Stock, J.H., 2017. Anticipation, tax avoidance, and the price elasticity of gasoline demand.Journal of Applied Econometrics,32(1), pp.1-15. Halcoussis, D., Lowenberg, A.D. and Roof, Z., 2017. Estimating the Price Elasticity of Demand for Cannabis: A Geographical and Crowdsourced Approach.Revista de Mtodos Cuantitativos para la Economa y la Empresa,23, p.119. Kaiser, U., Mendez, S.J., Rnde, T. and Ullrich, H., 2014. Regulation of pharmaceutical prices: evidence from a reference price reform in Denmark.Journal of health economics,36, pp.174-187. Tian, R., Zhang, Q., Wang, G., Li, H., Chen, S., Li, Y. and Tian, Y., 2017. Study on the promotion of natural gas-fired electricity with energy market reform in China using a dynamic game-theoretic model.Applied Energy,185, pp.1832-1839.