Cell Components and Functions in Metabolism

Cell Components and Functions in Metabolism A Cell is the elementary structure, function and biological unit of an organism. NUCLEUS: The nucleus is the master control centre of the cell. It gives command to the cell to grow, divide, mature or die. It contains genes, stores the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which determines every aspect of human anatomy and physiology. The DNA is arranged into chromosomes which also contains the outlines specific use for each type of cell and also allows for replication of the cell. Nuclear Envelope: The nucleus is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope, which protects the DNA and separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. Nucleolus: The nucleolus is a round body located inside the nucleus. Ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA, also called rRNA are both proteins made by the nucleolus. These subunits are then sent out to the other parts of the cell where they merge into whole ribosome. Plasma Membrane: The cell membrane is the outer covering of the cell and contains the cytoplasm, substances within it are organelle. It is a double-layered membrane composed of proteins and lipids. The lipid molecules on the outer and inner part (lipid bilayer) allow it to selectively transport substances in and out of the cell. Endoplasmic Reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous structure that contains a network of tubules and vesicles. It is structured that substances can move through it and be kept in isolation from the rest of the cell until the manufacturing processes conducted within are completed. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum Rough (granular) and Smooth (granular). Rough Endoplasmic: contains a combination of proteins and enzymes. These parts of the endoplasmic reticulum contain a number of ribosomes giving it a rough appearance. Its purpose is to synthesise new proteins. Smooth Endoplasmic: does not have any attached ribosomes. Its purpose is to synthesise different types of lipids (fats). The smooth ER also plays a role in drug and carbohydrate metabolism. Golgi apparatus: is a packed collection of flat vesicles. It receives substances produced from the endoplasmic reticulum which are transported as vesicles and fuses with the Golgi apparatus. They are stored in the Golgi apparatus and converted into different substances that are necessary for the cells various functions. Lysosomes: are vesicles that break off from the Golgi apparatus. They differ in size and function depending on the type of cell. Lysosomes contain enzymes that help with the digestion of nutrients in the cell and help breakdown any cellular debris or invading microorganisms like bacteria. Ribosomes a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins. Mitochondria: These are the powerhouses of the cell which help to breakdown nutrients to produce energy. It also produces a high-energy compound called ATP (adenosine triphosphate) which can be used as a simple energy source elsewhere. Mitochondria are composed of two membranous layers an outer membrane that surrounds the structure and an inner membrane that provides the physical sites of energy production. The inner membrane has many in folding layers that form shelves where enzymes attach and oxidize nutrients. The mitochondria also contain DNA which allows it to replicate and to be used where necessary. Centrioles: They are spindle fibres which move chromosomes during nuclear division. Centriole are made protein strands known as microtubules which are arranged in a specific way. There are nine groups of microtubules. When two centrioles are found next to each other, they are usually at right angles. The centrioles are found in pairs and move towards the poles (opposite ends) of the nucleus when it is time for cell division. Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm is made up of a jelly-like fluid (called the cytosol) which contains enzymes, salts, amino- acids and sugar which are important for the function and other structures that are in the cell Microfilaments and Microtubules: Microfilaments and microtubules are rigid protein substances that form the internal skeleton of the cell known as the cytoskeleton. Some of the microtubules also make up the centrioles and mitotic spindles within the cell which are responsible for the division of the cytoplasm when the cell divides. The microtubules are the central component of cilia, small hair-like projections that protrude from the surface of certain cells. It is also the central component of specialised cilia like the tail of the sperm cells which beats in a manner to allow the cell to move in a fluid medium. Insight into the cell organelles in metabolism, Individual organelle cannot function on its own, all the cell organelles are essential for the cell to perform all of its functions. The cell takes in nutrients in a vesicle. This vesicle then combine with the lysosome, which contains digestive enzymes. The enzymes will break down the nutrients into smaller, usable pieces. Large carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, and proteins are broken down into amino acids. The pieces then go to the mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell which help to breakdown nutrients to produce energy. It also produces a high-energy compound called ATP (adenosine triphosphate) which can be used as a simple energy source for many different cellular reactions. In the meantime, the nucleus stores the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which has the data for making proteins. The nucleus codes a piece of messenger RNA to be made, which will then go to the ribosome, the organelle that makes proteins. If the protein is going to be secreted from the cell, this ribosome will be part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER). The ribosome (made in the nucleolus, which is inside the nucleus), interprets the messenger RNA into protein. Amino acids, which may have come from the food the cell brought in earlier will be used. The protein travels from the rough ER to the Golgi body, where it receives and puts touches it might need. The Golgi then sends the protein out of the cell, to wherever it needs to be. None of these cell organelles can perform its task without help from others. Protein will not be made by the nucleus without the ribosomes, Cellular respiration will not be performed by the mitochondria if the lysosomes dont break down the food, The ribosomes cannot add amino acids without help from the nucleus, mitochondrion, and lysosomes. Ciliated Columnar Epithelium is not really stratified since it does not have more than one layer. The cells are positioned in opposite directions, so it looks like more than one layer. Cilia is on the surface of most of this tissue. Cilia are structures shaped hair-like at the top end of a tissue that wave forwards and backwards to help move things. Its functions are to secrete and propel mucus. This helps in protection for the organs of the upper respiratory tract. Can also be found in some tubules and organs of the male reproduction tract, in this instance the tissue does not contain cilia and functions to secrete. When we breathe in a particle that shouldnt be in our lungs, the cilia in our respiratory tract catch these particles and move them out, making us sneeze. Ciliated epithelium can be found in our respiratory tract lining, the esophagus, the skins surface. It is also found in the fallopian. The cilia aids in moving egg from the ovary into the uterus each month. Ciliated epithelium contains special cells called goblet cells. The reason of these cells is mucous creation. This mucous enclose particles that shouldnt be in our body, and the cilia move them out. A lot of harmful bacteria would remain in our lungs if we do not have these cells and tissues, this will make us sick. Skeletal muscle is known as striated muscle, they have striations that run across their muscle fibers. The striations are end-to-end junctions of repeating units that are referred to as sarcomeres. A sarcomere is a functional unit of striated muscle, as it contains all the tools necessary for contraction. Skeletal muscle fibers are long and linear. Skeletal muscle fibers are stacked neatly together in a parallel arrangement, these fibers are long, and they run the entire length of the muscle organ. I guess this is what my mother expected my room to look like nice and orderly. Skeletal muscle is a contractile organ that is directly or indirectly attached to bone. Skeletal muscles serve a variety of functions including support and movement and homeostasis. Skeletal muscle contraction can result in muscle shortening and thus movement of the bone to which it is attached. Additionally, skeletal muscle contraction can maintain posture and position. Sphincters, composed of skeletal muscles, regulate movement through our digestive and urinary systems, thus, controlling swallowing, defecation and even urination. Skeletal muscle contraction generates heat, which helps to maintain body temperature. Finally, muscle proteins can be converted into glucose by the liver for homeostatic regulation of blood glucose. Neurons are specialized cells of the nervous system that transmit signals throughout the body. They have long extensions that extend out from the cell body called dendrites and axons. Dendrites are extensions of neurons that receive signals and conduct them toward the cell body. Axons are extensions of neurons that conduct signals away from the cell body to other cells. When a neuron is in its resting state, the membrane is said to be polarized because negative and positive charges exist on opposite sides. When a neuron receives a signal, sodium channels in the membrane are opened and allow a localized influx of positive sodium ions inside the cell, which causes depolarization, or a reduction of the difference in charge across the membrane. The localized depolarization also triggers nearby sodium channels to open up and depolarize the membrane nearby, which then causes more sodium channels to open up further away and depolarize the membrane there, and so a chain reaction is started. Depolarization occurs in a wave across the membrane, starting at the dendrite that received the signal, moving toward the cell body, moving across the cell body, and then away from the cell down the axon. Axons terminate at junctions with their target cells called synapses. At the synapse, there is a small gap between the terminal end of the axon and the target cell. When the depolarizing signal reaches the synapse, it triggers the release of signaling molecules called neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters diffuse across the very short gap from the axon to the surface of the target cell and bind to receptors that control ion channels, causing the ion channels to open. If the signaling neuron is excitatory, the ion channel will allow sodium ions to enter the cell and cause depolarization at the target cell. However, if the signaling neuron is inhibitory, a different ion channel will be opened that will allow inhibitory ions, like negatively charged chloride ions, into the cell that will increase polarization of the target cell and decrease the chances of depolarization even if the cell receives an excitatory signal at the same time. Adipose tissue is termed a loose connective tissue. It is composed of fat-storage cells which can be seen under the skin and between the muscles, around the kidneys and heart, behind the eyeballs, and abdominal membranes. It helps as a sheet of protection, absorbing shock sustained by the tissue. It seals up space between organs and tissues. It also provides structural and metabolic support. Adipose tissue has a number of important functions. It is a source of energy and serves as a buffer, protecting our internal organs from trauma. This buffering is provided by visceral fat, which is fat enclosing our internal organs. Visceral fat can be helpful, but too much of it can be life threatening and increase risk of diabetes and heart disease. It also provides us with the thermal insulation needed to maintain our body temperature and may provide endocrine function like the production of the hormone leptin, which helps in the regulation of fat storage and body weight. Babies have a continuous layer of adipose tissue for protection while learning to walk, this thin as they develop into adolescence. The sheet gives them that plumb appearance. The sheet also help in insulating the body thereby keeping the essential body temperature at 37 degree centigrade. The three types of body system that will be considered are; the circulatory, respiratory and the digestive System These three systems interrelate for the completion of the body function. The circulatory and the respiratory systems collaborate to perform the gas exchange function. Gas exchange is very important, without the gas exchange the cells of the body will die, therefore it is very important for these systems to work together. The digestive system is tasked with the duty of bringing food into the body and breaking it down into protein, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and fats, which the body needs for energy, growth, and repair. From the diagram below, digestion starts from the mouth, where we swallow our food and use our saliva, teeth and tongue to bite and chew it. The food then makes its way to the stomach through the esophagus, where powerful acids break it down even further into nutrients. These nutrients enter the bloodstream through tiny hair-like projections. Any residual wastes are stored in the rectum and ejected through the anus. The circulatory system is tasked with the duty of transporting blood all over the body. It is made up of the heart and blood vessels known as veins, arteries and capillaries. Let us visualize the blood vessels as the motorways of the body, bringing vital goods to and from the cells. In the circulatory system, blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs, so theyll get oxygen, and then pumped to the bodys cells. The respiratory system, take in oxygen through the lungs and the oxygen then mixes with the blood in the circulatory system and then it is transported as ox haemoglobin to the cells by the circulatory system. The circulatory system also transport the waste product carbon dioxide from the cells back to the respiratory system which expels it out of the body. Therefore, without the respiratory system, oxygen would not be able to enter the body and carbon dioxide would not be able to be expelled out of the body as waste. Also without the circulatory system, oxygen and carbon dioxide would not be able to transport round the body thereby keeping the cells of the body alive. The circulatory system interrelates with digestive system for a maximum heart rate. The digestive system produces nutrients that is needed by the cells of the body for proper metabolism. The circulatory system transports these nutrients produced by the digestive system through the body cells and also transport toxins that are harmful to the body out of the cells into the kidney to be destroyed and expelled out of the body. If the circulatory system fails to function the body systems will shut down causing damage to the organs of the body and finally causing death. Every system is important because without the function of one system the other system cannot function properly and therefore causing organ damage that would eventually lead to death.

Reflection Paper on “Amistad” Essay

Amistad was based on the true story of a group of Africans that were kidnapped and sold as slaves. They revolted against their captors and win, but are later defeated by a group of Americans. Upon arrival for their â€Å"trial†, they are represented by an attorney who wins their case several times over but due to corruption and fear of civil war, they are constantly denied their victory until they finally win out at the supreme court as they were represented by once President of the USA, John Quincy Adams and are sent back home, to Africa. The movie focused on slavery. Slavery has always been the most shocking phenomena of our world. Slavery was the first human rights issue to arouse wide international concern yet it still continues today. Slavery like practices remains a grave and persistent problem today. Slavery, by itself seems very unnatural and provokes mixed feelings from the heart of each person. Some people are descendants of those who used to be slaves years ago. Some faced â€Å"slavery† even in the contemporary times. And some people just simply do not understand the possibility of one human being considering another human being its slave. Slavery, by definition, is the first historical form of exploitation, under which a slave along with different implements of production becomes the private property of the slave owner. So, in other words slavery converts an individual human being into a â€Å"thing† or even some kind of consumer item. This phenomenon has done a lot of harm to millions of people, taking away lives and destroying the fate of the people who could have been happy. The majorities of those who suffer are the poorest, most vulnerable and marginalized social groups in society. Fear, ignorance of one’s rights and the need to survive do not encourage them to speak out. Slaves might belong to a different race, religion, nationality, or ethnic background. By focusing on such differences, slave owners felt they co uld deny basic human rights to their slaves. As what stated in the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, â€Å"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.† It means that all people are equal and that there is no superior and we should respect this freedom. We must treat them as a people not as an animal. Aristotle said that to overpower people does not mean that  we are superior to them in nature. Article 4 of the UDHR states that â€Å"No one shall be held in slavery or servitude: slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their form† and Article 3 Section 18(2) of the Philippine Constitution states also that â€Å"No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.† This two provisions simply prohibits forced labor that no person shall be forced to work for the payment of a certain debt or gratitude. Slavery is the product and the extension of unjust act. We have these laws to ensure us and protect our rights. Perhaps the most blatantly cruel and most obvious element of slavery is the fact that the slave loses his/her freedom. Slavery is the possession of another person as one’s own property, thereby relieving them of their basic liberties and freedoms. This total disrespect for humanity was shown in a variety of ways. The slave had no rights whatsoever. The living and working conditions of slaves and their food were extremely poor. Those were inhuman conditions in which the slaves had to survive. Endless executions of the slaves made the situation even worse. Slavery was a period of time when one race treated the other race as animals, things, property, but not as people. And despite many efforts to end slavery, it still exists today. Some 27 million people worldwide are enslaved or work as forced laborers. That’s more people than at any other point in the history of the world. In order to effectively eradicate slavery in all its forms, the root causes of slavery such as poverty, social exclusion and all forms of discrimination must be addressed. In addition, we need to promote and protect the rights of all especially the most vulnerable in our society. Where human rights violations have already been committed, we are called upon to help restore the dignity of victims. These people were brutally treated, experienced inhuman pain and still had the strength to try to learn to read or at least to listen to somebody reading. It is necessary to pay tribute to all these people who in spite of the cruelty in their lives managed to remain kind inside and some of them even tried to understand their masters. As what Aristotle said, â€Å"Liberty should be always held out to them as the reward of their services.†

The Media, Good And Evil - 1404 Words

Man has always looked up to others who are smarter, wealthier, or more important than he is for a guide on how to live. In modern times these roles are often thrown into the laps of celebrities. Since the understanding of celebrities come from the productions they endorse, man s trust is now in the hands of fictional characters. Because he is so impressionable, an ignorant man can easily become an imitation of the people he watches everyday. There are many messages conveyed in the media, good and evil. Sometimes, one can gain insights from the things he allows to enter his mind, but this is a rare phenomena because of how secularized the modern media is. When every show aimed at young, impressionable girls features models, it can easily be assumed that these girls will then want to mimic that same look. This situation does not cause immediate harm to the girl, but overtime will teach her that having the looks of those models and nothing but that will bring her beauty. This is also true for the push of sex into almost every tv show or movie. It is extremely rare to find a top-ranked movie without sex appeal. Sex is then portrayed as a trivial act of maturity. The Mindy Project on the CW reveals the life of a young, Indian OB/GYN in New York City. The main character, Mindy Lahiri, is constantly battling problems in her relationships. The Mindy Project can benefit viewers through her message of self-acceptance, but can also damage them by showing the idea of casual sex asShow MoreRelatedStereotypical Perception Of Gender Media1468 Words   |  6 PagesHas the stereotypical perception of gender in media changed? In fact media takes advantage of the idyllic image of males and females to misguide society’s perspective of what they should be. How about we explore the idea of misconception between the sexes in Julia T. Wood article, Gendered Media: The Influence of Media on Views of Gender. She argues the diverse images of males and females portrayed being im practical, cliched, and constricted apprehension. In the movie Maleficent, is about a youngRead MoreZombie Culture : The Dark Sides Of American Culture960 Words   |  4 PagesWhen one thinks about American culture or â€Å"the good life†, things that are often thought of are: house in the suburbs, family, job, pets, etc. which is nothing extraordinary. It is what the typical American knows as everyday quiet life. For a culture that wishes nothing but simplicity and opportunity, it sure does feed on the â€Å"dark† aspects of its culture. For example, one of the dark sides of American culture is the presences of enthusiasm over the living dead. A rise in zombie culture in AmericaRead More`` Not Here : If We re Truly Serious About Stopping Massacres Like1687 Words   |  7 PagesHere: If we’re truly serious about stopping massacres like Aurora, we need to cure our addiction to evil† informs readers about the truth behind massacres. Metcalf says that viole nce performed in the form of mass killing have definite causes. People are fascinated by the violence. He further suggests that evil and mass killing incidents in Aurora and Port Arthur are just few examples of that evil. The evil in our society is growing in large portion and people are more attracted towards violence. The articleRead MoreThe Impact Of Online Social Media On Society1088 Words   |  5 PagesImpact of Online Social Media The influence of social online networks. This is a very controversial topic. Whether or not it is okay for everyone to use or not. Whether or not it has benefited or not any at all. So I am here to bring you truth. 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Peace the Practice of Intercultural Respect,...

Peace: The Practice of Intercultural Respect, Reconciliation and Solidarity The concept of Peace has been around longer than one can imagine. And although it can be defined in many ways depending on the perspective and source—whether you are an individual, a government unit, or a mobilized group with a common cause, Peace has ultimately one basic meaning—the absence of hostility or the absence of fear of hostility. Usually it is defined as a state of ‘harmony’ – and this state is emphasized by the lack of violence and the freedom from any sort of violent conflict. Personally speaking, it could be defined as the mending of interpersonal relationships and the easing of personal conflicts— resulting in a healthier and better mental and†¦show more content†¦6. Be Positive: When faced with incidents of an intercultural nature do not blame others or cause fights/conflict. Stay positive, analyze the problem first and find solutions to ensure the same thing never happens again. 7. 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